Stem Cell Applications in Cartilage Injuries

Stem Cell Applications in Cartilage Injuries

Explore how stem cell therapy can help treat cartilage damage. Learn about the science, application techniques, benefits, and real-life outcomes of regenerative treatments.

Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue that covers the surfaces of joints, reduces friction between bones, and absorbs shock during movement. However, due to its avascular (non-blood-supplied) nature, cartilage has very limited self-repair capacity. Once damaged—whether by trauma, degeneration, or overuse—healing is often insufficient, potentially progressing to osteoarthritis. In recent years, regenerative medicine has offered a promising alternative: stem cell therapy for cartilage regeneration.

What Is Cartilage Damage?

Cartilage damage can occur due to acute trauma, repetitive microtrauma, congenital deformities, or simply aging. It most frequently affects the knee, hip, and ankle joints. When the cartilage deteriorates or tears, it may lead to pain, joint stiffness, swelling, and even mechanical symptoms like locking or clicking.

Why Stem Cell Therapy for Cartilage Injuries?

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of transforming into various tissue types. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), in particular, have the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes (cartilage cells) and also modulate inflammation in the joint microenvironment. Their regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties make them an attractive option for repairing cartilage lesions.

Common Sources of Stem Cells

1. Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells

Collected from the pelvic bone through aspiration. These cells are rich in progenitor cells and often processed into Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (BMAC) before use.

2. Adipose (Fat) Tissue-Derived Stem Cells

Obtained via liposuction and processed to extract regenerative cell populations. This method is less invasive and increasingly popular.

3. Allogenic or Umbilical Cord-Derived Cells

Currently in research phases; ethical and regulatory considerations limit routine clinical use.

Methods of Application

Treatment is tailored according to the size and location of the cartilage lesion, as well as patient-specific factors:

• Intra-articular Injection: Stem cells are injected directly into the joint, commonly used in diffuse early cartilage degeneration.
• Combined with Microfracture: After microfracture surgery creates access to the bone marrow, stem cells are injected to enhance repair.
• Arthroscopically Guided Placement: For focal lesions, stem cells can be placed precisely at the defect site under arthroscopic visualization.

What Do the Studies Show?

Clinical research over the past decade has demonstrated promising results:

• Decreased pain levels
• Improved joint function
• Increased cartilage thickness on MRI

However, long-term studies are still ongoing, and standardized treatment protocols are yet to be fully established.

Advantages of Stem Cell Therapy

• Can delay or reduce the need for major surgery
• Provides a biological healing environment
• Promotes anti-inflammatory effects
• High compatibility when autologous (from the patient’s own body)

Important Considerations

• Not a miracle cure; it’s an adjunctive treatment
• Not suitable for all patients—proper evaluation is crucial
• Should be performed by experienced professionals under sterile conditions
• Often requires rehabilitation and follow-up care

Ideal Indications

• Localized cartilage lesions
• Early-stage knee or hip osteoarthritis
• Cartilage damage from sports injuries
• Post-microfracture support
• Recovery support after arthroscopic surgery

Post-Treatment Guidelines

• Rest the joint for a few days post-procedure
• Avoid high-impact activities
• Engage in guided physiotherapy to enhance stem cell integration
• Undergo regular follow-up to monitor outcomes